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Simulation of Clothing with Folds and Wrinkles

Robert Bridson, Sebastian Marino, Ronald Fedkiw

SCAILM1 descendantCFX

Mixed implicit/explicit integrator with physically correct bending and interface forecasting to preserve folds in cloth-character collisions.

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Abstract

This paper presents techniques for simulating clothing that matches the look and behavior of real garments by capturing folds, wrinkles, draping, and stretching. The contributions include a mixed explicit/implicit time integration scheme that handles elastic forces explicitly and damping forces implicitly, a physically correct bending model between pairs of triangles with potentially nonzero rest angles for pre-shaping wrinkles, an interface forecasting technique that promotes detail in contact regions, a post-processing method for cloth-character collisions that preserves folds and wrinkles, and a dynamic sticking constraint for controlling large-scale folding. Cloth-object collisions are handled using a level set signed distance function defined on a grid, and self-collision uses prior robust treatment. The methods were used in film production including Terminator 3 and Harry Potter.

How to read this

Category: Method: cloth simulation (integration, bending, collision handling)
Contributions: Mixed explicit/implicit time integration (elastic forces explicit, damping implicit) plus a physically correct bending model with nonzero rest angles for pre-shaping wrinkles
Interface forecasting to promote detail in contact regions and a post-process that preserves folds and wrinkles during cloth-character collisions
A dynamic sticking constraint for controlling large-scale folding
Context: Builds directly on Bridson et al.'s robust collision, contact and friction treatment for skinned cloth, layering fold and wrinkle preservation on top of that collision foundation.Builds on: Robust Treatment of Collisions, Contact and Friction for a Skinned Cloth Simulation
Correctness: Demonstrated on film production garments (Terminator 3, Harry Potter) and tuned for that look; the bending and forecasting choices are aimed at visual fidelity, so a reader should view it as production-validated rather than benchmarked against measured fabric mechanics.
Clarity: Reads as a well-structured systems paper; a first pass gives the pipeline of techniques, a second pass is needed for the integration scheme and bending energy details.
How to read it: Read for the catalogue of distinct techniques and where each fits in the pipeline; second-pass the integrator and bending model, and read alongside the 2002 robust-collision paper since it is the assumed substrate.

Builds on

Robust Treatment of Collisions, Contact and Friction for a Skinned Cloth Simulation 2002

Built upon by

Selective and Dynamic Cloth Fold Smoothing with Collision Resolution 2016

Related work

Large Steps in Cloth Simulation 1998 / SIGGRAPH
Untangling Cloth 2003 / SIGGRAPH
Example-Based Wrinkle Synthesis for Clothing Animation 2010 / SIGGRAPH
Fast Cloth Simulation on Moving Humanoids 2005 / Eurographics

Keywords

cloth simulation folds and wrinkles mixed explicit implicit integration central newmark scheme trapezoidal rule backward euler bending model dihedral angle nonzero rest angles strain limiting collision detection signed distance function level set fast marching method interface forecasting dynamic sticking constraints conjugate gradient cloth-character collision

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